(390 million mi) from Earth, underneath the cold seas of Europa, a horrifying, and vastly intelligent creature lurks. Can our ...

Electrons released when cosmic rays strike water-ice can provide energy for microbes and facilitate the formation of complex organic molecules.

Europa has a vast, saltwater ocean beneath its icy shell, with more than twice the amount of water in all of Earth’s oceans ...

Earth’s deep-sea hydrothermal vents provide a model for understanding how life could exist on Europa. Holden’s team is studying how vent microbes generate energy using hydrogenases to predict what ...